endocrine system

homeostasis it is a state of equilibrium produced by the balance of functions and chemical composition within an organism.

endocrine	exocrine
they are ductless glands which secrete hormones into the cellular space around them.	they have ducts. they produce their products- oil, sweat, enzymes etc.

pituitary gland

round pea sized structure. it lies in the brain attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.

why is it also known as the “master gland”?

hormones

name	function	where
thyroid stimulating hormone [tsh]	stimulates the production of thyroxine	anterior
prolactin	stimulates breast milk production	anterior
human growth hormone [hgh]	controls body growth	anterior
follicle stimulating hormone [fsh]	stimulates ovaries to produce an egg	anterior
lutenising hormone [lh]	triggers ovulation	anterior
vasopressin [adh]	regulates the amount of water in urine	posterior
oxytocin	induces contractions	posterior
melaoncyte	skin pigment	interior lobe

HGH

undersecretion	oversecretion
during growth years- dwarfism	gigantism [in growth yeras]
	acromagely [as an adult]

vasopressin

undersecretion	oversecretion
diabetes insipidus [large amounts of urine with no sugar]	-

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thyroid gland

it is a lobular structure which looks like a butterfly. it is located on either side of the trachea infront of the larynx.

regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance
regulation of growth and development in children
increases reactivity of nervous system
why do old people tend to feel more cold than youngsters?
why are people living in hilly region prone to simple goitre?

thyroxine

undersecretion	oversecretion
cretinism
[due to undersecretion in growth years]

mental retardation
dwarfism | exopthalmic goitre
eye to protrude
high metabolism | | myxoedema [due to undersecretion in adults] low body temperature, sensitivity to cold | | | simple goitre [due to deficiency in iodine] | |

adrenal gland [superarenal gland]

located superior to each kidney fitting like a cap.

| cortisones | influence carbohydrate, protein, fat and mineral metabolism. stimulates the development of reproductive organs. | addison’s disease is caused due to hyposecretion of this cland.

dark pigmentation of the skin & loss of energy | cushing’s syndrome is caused due to hypersecretion
hypertention
hyperglycemia | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | adrenaline | “fight or flight” increases the contractibility of skeletal muscles and helps the body adapt to extreme conditions. | - | high secretion is induced by tumors and it is a prolongued version of fight or flight. |

adernal virilism- production of androgens due to high secretion of ACTH. [masculisation]

pancreas